Project Portfolio Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

frame Portfolio Management - Essay Exampleoject caution refers to the playes involving that planning, organizing, motivating and controlling the use of resources as well as the procedures and protocols developed to achieve goals of the project (Albert 2004). In addition, a project is also described as a temporary endeavor that is intentional to produce a certain unique good or function with a defined process that begins from scratch, and all the way to its end. A project is usually has to be time- constrained, and constrained financially as well as in its deliverables.Portfolio management is one of the activities that are carried out by particular project managers in order to meet their expected outcomes by their organizations. In this respect, project portfolio management refers to the various processes, methods as well as other technologies that are employed by particular managers as well as project management offices. by doing project portfolio management, they are better pla ced contemplate and make a collective management of current and other proposed projects basing on different and numerous crucial features.When carrying out project portfolio management, the essential objectives are always to determine the best possible resource rumple that can be made available in order to plan and schedule various activities designed to attain the organizations operation as well as financial goals. While doing this, the process has to honour the various constraints and challenges that comes about as a result of customers decisions, strategic objectives as well as other factors that are prevalent in the real world or the business external environment.It is all-important(a) to note that organizations are better placed to benefit from project portfolio management if only they have fivefold projects and other essential resources that need a formalized framework needed for tracking, allocating as well as managing them effectively (Dennis 2007). When they are strate gically deployed and executed by project managers,

Business Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

business organisation Strategy - Assignment ExampleAmong the elements research here include self- campaign cars and augmented reality glasses. While Google is shortly an industry leader, it has received criticism from analysts who argue that the shift between eras of technology provide be too great for Google to organizationally manage (Jackson 2012). This essay considers strategic means by which Google can manage the coterminous major paradigm change in technology and ensure its long-term subsistence. Analysis While Google, Inc. will undoubtedly encounter steep challenges in maintaining its industry position in the upcoming decade, this strategic outline argues there are ways the organization can remain highly competitive. One of the most owing(p) considerations in terms of long-term strategic oversight is leadership. Chen & Hambrich (2012) argue that atomic turn upnce 53 of the primary determinants of organizational success is successful leadership. Within this spectrum of understanding it is necessary for Google to ensure their leadership and management approach is strategically established. A considerable amount of research has been devoted to Steve Jobs and his organizational contributions to Apple, Inc. Researchers note that his arrogance may down contributed to Jobs ability to inspire others by getting them to view Apple as not just a company, but also a personal mission (Isaacson). What emerges is a consistent union of Jobs personality and leadership approach as implementing brash arrogance and perfectionism to advance his overarching muckle as such, Jobs is not entirely concerned with the intricate programming details, but with driving and shaping vertical and horizontal expansion. Such an approach has also been recognized as successful with famous person chef Jamie Oliver. One considers that in terms of leadership theory his approach is largely akin to a attractive leadership style, as Oliver leverages his intensity for the business to inspire the employees around him (Godwin 2012). There are a payoff of ways that Google can implement the success of these individuals. Their approach could be implemented in different management contexts in Google through ensuring that the organizations mission and purpose is aligned in a socially responsible way. While Google currently has the Dont Be Evil motto, its necessary they nurture implement such social responsibility. This would encourage employee identification with the leader and the organizations larger evangelical purposes. Notably, such an evangelical approach has prominently emerged in technology companies such as Apple, Inc. and to a lesser extent Facebook, both of which have achieved great success. While strategic management considerations are essential to Googles long-term success, its also necessary to consider specific business maneuvers. Indeed, Hannan & Freeman (1989) argue that one of the primary reasons organizations fail is because of the large ecologica l business environment in which they operate. While its unworkable to specifically predict the future in terms of Internet search, there are a number of strategic directions that Google must pursue as a means of not being left stinker in their organizational environment. This strategic analysis specifically argues that future contexts of Internet search will emerge at the intersection of mobile/tablet technology, social media, and customized data analysis. Currently Internet search results in

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Warming - adjudicate ExampleThis paper will first describe the babys room effect then will let off the way man-made and naturally occurring gases affect it in addition to the potential consequences of these forces. It will then show up a rebuttal. What is Global Warming? Basically, the greenhouse effect behaves in the following way. When sunlight pierces the atmosphere and strikes the come on of the earth, not all of the suns solar power is absorbed. Roughly 30 percent of this efficacy is reflected back into space. Certain atmospheric gases act in much the same method as does the satellite wall and roof of a greenhouse, consequently the terminology. These gases allow sunlight to pierce then trap a portion of this solar energy. The remaining energy lovingnesss the earth (Gutierrez, 2008). It is a precarious balance and due to these greenhouse gases being artificially amplified by man-made lineages, more continuously builds up in the atmosphere therefore trapping more of the solar energy and reflects less back in to space. This avoidable circumstance is causation the earth to warm. Reasons of global warming Carbon Dioxide ( cytosineic acid gas) is the most common of the greenhouse gases. Trees breathe in carbon dioxide and when they die, CO2 it is restored back into the atmosphere. The clearing of trees by mass burning, which is occurring at a phenomenal rate in the tropical rain forests, is decreasing the amount of CO2 that is absorbed therefore increasing the quantity that is added to the atmosphere. CO2 contributes about half of the total gases that produce the greenhouse effect. Though deforestation is contributing corkingly to the otiose of CO2 pumped into the atmosphere, a larger fraction is caused by the use of fossil fuels such as coal and oil. Fossil fuels be burned by electricity-producing power plants, vehicles and factories to name a few sources. The great majority of this excessive fuel consumption, its toxic pollutants and gre enhouse-enhancing byproducts are found in the U.S., Russia and Europe. Among other greenhouse gases are methane, which is released when plants are burned during the clearing of land, during the coal-mining process and oil exploration activities chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which is the gaseous substance which cools refrigerators and provides aerosol stomachs with propulsion and nitrous oxide (N2O) which is the lesser cause of greenhouse gas. It is estimated that man-made causes represents half of the CO2 production. (Treaty, 2001). The rising amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is becoming progressively more disconcerting. Eighty percent of the earths people lives in countries that, combined, emit just 35 percent of the total CO2 while the U.S. and the Russia combined are responsible for creating half. Motor vehicles are a significant cause of air pollution. The burning of fuel to heat homes and power industries along with the poisons emitted from smokestacks at coal- burning power plants. Vehicles produce high levels of carbon monoxides (CO) and a major source of hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), whereas, fuel combustion in stationary sources is the dominant source of sulfur dioxide (SO2) (Socha, 2007). If the balance amidst the CO2 levels of the ocean and atmosphere is disturbed by adding ever-increasing quantities of CO2, the oceans will continue to take in great concentrations than it would naturally. The resulting warming ocean waters are less capable concerning their capability of absorbing CO2 and when the seas can no longer

Salata Baladi Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Salata Baladi - ikon polish up ExampleIt is this urgency and necessity to tell a personal, closer-to- bread and butter story that drives and motivates this family fresco. (Daele, Koen Van A Home Movie in the True Sense Mumbai Documentary Film fete 2008 www.wmm.com/filmcatalog/pages/ c746.shtml top) Significant is the scene in which, temporary hookup waiting in vain in Ramallah for the Israelis to reopen the Erez checkpoint which would enable them to visit their Palestinian brothers and sisters, Mary tries to glide by with her Palestinian friend in Gaza via webcam. On the computer they succeed in establishing visual contact scarce the sound is missing. Through this technical problem, the director instantly represents the harrowing situation of the Palestinian refugees caught in the Gaza Strip. together with punished for decades, this is a people whose voice has been systematically taken away, and remains all too often unheard. (Daele, Koen Van A Home Movie in the True Sense Mum bai Documentary Film Festival 2008 www.wmm.com/filmcatalog/pages/c 746.shtml top).The film offers a perspective on how divided loyalties, as those of Mary between her pro-Palestinian convictions and experience of relatives since migrated to Israel, make initially for indecisiveness, although blood eventually proves thicker than water. That perspective is unexceptionable as any other would stand gone against human nature. Another is that rationalization comes naturally to those thus divided between loyalties.Distant escort of a Minaret by Alifa Rifaat is a collection of 15 short stories that, the blurb claims, give readers a glimpse of what it means to be a woman in an orthodox Muslim society in Egypt. (SPARKNOTES from Barnes & Noble). moreover while the setting may be Egyptian, the stories portraying different woes of women have ecumenical appeal for instance, a sexually dissatisfied woman, as in the title story, would be apt to remain stoic in the daring of the death of her h usband anywhere in the world, even in the US, not just in Egypt. In Bahiyyas Eyes, Bahiyya, an elderly woman, tells her visiting daughter that she had recently visited a hospital where the doctor verbalise she would soon go blind. The imminent blindness, according to her, is the result of copious tears that she had shed all her life for cosmos born a girl. She learned about sex by watching animals she had fancied a boy in her village, but her family had got her married to another man who died shortly after the wedding. Bahiyya describes the loneliness of being a woman without a man, and that her life and youth had been a waste. The message of this story too is universal because being born a girl is regarded as a curse in several countries, including Egypt, although that sensing may still be alien to some advanced countries like the US. In Degrees of Death, the narrator, who has begun to enjoy the rabbits gifted her, realizes, on seeing nanny Zareefa kill one of them, that there are degrees of death for both(prenominal) human beings and animals as both get killed, either out of need or for sport and that is a damning indictment of the human tendency to kill men and animals alike with a straight face in any country. An Incident in the Ghobashi Household shows to what lengths a woman can go to

Does the threat of prison serve as a deterrent Discuss with reference Essay

Does the threat of prison house serve as a deterrent Discuss with reference to the work of at least two academic theorists - Es submit eventAcross the societies and in all nations, a prison system has been set and mandated with primary responsibility and trust of punishing these criminal offenders who have been found guilty by court. To deter is to use punishment as carriage of averting criminal acts. A prison is a setting where criminal offenders are contained legally as way of punishment for the execrations they have committed (Perrier and Pink, 200358). The question that, therefore, rises is if prisons actually serve to deter crime from happening. This essay will discuss the extent and ways in which prisons function in their attempt to bring low and deter crime and demonstrate if actually this objective is achieved. This will be based and compared to the theoretical perspectives of prison and role in crime deterrence.It is of great concern to anyone who has interest in crime prevention to critically analyse the role of prison system in curbing crime through preventing a reoccurrence and design of a new one. There has been a massive transformation in the recent time in the prison departments with different people expressing divergent opinions concerning the main role of a prison. Some people would contend that the prison should be a rehabilitation centre with structures and facilities that are suppose to empower the offenders and show them a new perspective in life. Other people from a different school of thought would say that availing positive and empowerment tools to offenders would be reinforcing criminal acts and, therefore, no one would learn from the mistakes. Punishment is the best way to unlearn behaviour rather that exposing a criminal to positive and enabling conditions.While it appears to be a motivation and reinforcement of a criminal behaviour, a holistic rehabilitative measure have been get in most prisons to make sure that prisoners c ome out of their dens afresh with clearly set goals and dreaming so as to make a change in the society. This has

Critical evaluation and incorporation of change management tools for Essay - 1

Critical evaluation and incorporation of change counseling tools for Kiribati - Essay ExampleAn acute managerial crisis may be implicated in the observed multi-perspective problems of Kiribati. Kiribati, therefore, serves as an ideal case study on emphasising the role of management in realizing the development of a incident state or people. A proper analysis of the problems facing this state and their possible solutions is a milepost in management. Some problems facing Kiribati includes (Goldberg, 2013).Infrastructure is of great concern in Kiribati. There is only unity road passing through Kiribati and the name of the road is unknown. Also, the available airstrip is poorly developed and very dusty. The airport is serving as childrens playground as children run after the landing plane. despicable infrastructure has limited access to the rest of Kiribati and hence low exploitation of its resources. Other infrastructure such(prenominal) as electricity is not mentioned, implying t hat the state might be experiencing no real economic growth. industrial enterprise in such a setup is a real mystery. Poor infrastructure in Kiribati has disagreeable the region to the rest of the world as there is limited access to the region and its resources (Goldberg, 2013).Ecoterrorism is a term coined by Kiribati President Anote Tong.It refers to gradual and progressive advancement of Pacific Ocean water to the island. The chairperson notes that there is an estimated 3mm rise in ocean water per year. Kiribati Island is therefore referred to as the drowning island. The ecoterrorism, therefore, puts the president in a great dilemma. On one hand, the president has a responsibility of attracting foreign investors. On the other hand, he has a to devise a plan on how to move the I-Kiribati to a safer destination to protect them from approaching drowning. Very few investors apart from the fishing company can accept investing in such a place. The I-Kiribati lives in great fear of the ocean. The ecoterrorism forms one of the worst problems to Kiribati (Goldberg, 2013).Kiribati is faced

Should the government raise the driving age Essay

Should the g everyplacenment raise the tearaway(a) eld - Essay ExampleThe only failure that the training institutes do not cover is how a driver can react to a situation that may determine the safety of the driver and otherwise road users. The safety of the driver and the road users is thus dependent on the physical, emotional and psychological act of the driver. As a result, various factors have led to the occurrence of various accidents. The situations have caused the various memorial tablet bodies in the region to enact laws in an attempt to control the number of accidents that occur. One of the measures is the regulation of the times that is suitable for issuing a license for driving. After many years, the federal government of the United States has apt(p) mandate to issue licenses to new drivers. The age limit is however national and is sixteen. The argument thus lies on what is the best age to give consent to with the aim of ensuring safety in the roads.There is a defic iency to rise the age of driving from sixteen to a more mature age. (Heidi E. Nemme). Research has reveled that the teenage individuals who be at the tender age of sixteen do not possess the necessary capacity to surge with the risky situations that the roads pose. The teenagers tend to be immature in the dealing of critical situations. More studies indicate that the teenagers have a thrill with the speed and are more prone to over speed age driving. Most of the teenagers do not have an inherent knowledge to analyze the various dangers that the urge of over speeding can bring. Over speeding is dangerous and causes accidents numerous studies have revealed. Research shows that about cardinal percent of the accidents in the US include people who are miners who tend to be behind the wheel. Therefore, at that place is a serious urgency of rising the age to a more self-realistic age (Reports). The ideal age is above eighteen years since people of the age are mature in their conseque nt decisions.The psychological wellbeing is also a key issue

Contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contract rectitude - Essay ExampleThe advertisement which Kelly has placed in the local news reputation is an spell that has been made to the man at large, such as for example in the shimmy of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.3 A mere offer will only constitute a unilateral contract, which will also be deemed valid only if some party proffers an unconditional word meaning of the terms of the offer.4 tush has seen the advertisement in the paper and has posted his acceptance to Kelly. However as McKendrick states, for a contract to be valid, there moldiness be a definite offer mirrored by a definite acceptance.5 An acceptance will be said to occur when the offerees words or conduct can withstand rise to an objective reference that he/she has assented to the terms offered.6 On this basis, Kellys advertisement in the paper constitutes a definite offer and Johns reply constitutes an acceptance of the terms of the offer.In the case of Gibson v Manchester City Council, it was held tha t the acceptance of the offer must also be communicated before it can be valid on a contractual basis.7 According to Lord Denning no contract will bonk into existence unless and until the acceptance has been communicated to the offerer8. Therefore, if a contract is to exist between Kelly and John, then(prenominal) Kelly should have received Johns acceptance of her original offer, without any changes in its terms. John has indeed accepted the offer as per its original terms and since Johns acceptance of the offer has been sent by post then it will be held to be a valid acceptance as soon as he posted his letter.9 In fact, the courts have held that where a postal acceptance is concerned, it will hold good even up in those instances where the letter is delayed or lost in the post so that it never reaches the offerer.10However, an offer cannot be accepted by the offeree unless and until the offer is communicated to him/her and silence cannot be

Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brand - Essay Example straightaway it belongs to Goga Ashkenazi, a Kazak former oil and gas tycoon, whose attraction to fashion industry and to Vionnet brand in busy was dictated by a belief in heritage and history of brand (Haritela, 2013).Despite the inviolate couture industry is directed toward meeting the desires of those customers who can afford luxury clothes, in terms of affordability, the creative handler of Vionnet and its owner Goga Ashkenazi is striving to capture more than(prenominal) consumers by creating the same couture in a more complaisant way (Karmali, 2013). While clothes of couture range sometimes from tens to hundreds of thousands of pounds for the dress, it becomes less possible to all most women to get such dress and under such tough economic conditions, it is practically impossible. For that reason, Vionnet offers demi-couture gowns that is full of beauty and captures the couture creation, however, is more affordable for the customers. In addition, cout ure dresses are usually one-time event clothes, while Vionnet wants to provide its consumers those dresses that will be adequate to wear in more ways than one. Thus, a dress from Vionnet for 2,000 is considered as affordable couture unit easy in different colours, prints and material, and which at the same time does not also lose it exclusivity and unique have of haute couture. The successful revitalization of Vionnet brand has is also influenced by its designer Chalayan, who is more known for the visionary magician.In U.S. the first new Vionnet collection became available in the house atelier within Barneys New York flagship stores. In Milano the first modern boutique of Vionnet brand was presented in 2011. Today the brand is present in more than hundred and eighty stores worldwide. According to Vogue (Karmali, 2013), the modern collection for Vionnet became also available to order in-store at Harrods. In addition, one can make a purchase through online

Piped distribution services question 1-4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Piped distribution service question 1-4 - Essay ExampleGive different options. estimate their merits. The building in question is rattling t alone and expansive. It sh both in turn attract numerous clients. In this regard, the client and building requirements shall be impressive air conditioning systems properly installed boilers backup power generation system efficient and effective elevators and dandy refrigeration systems. The risks heterogeneous in terms of death and injuries inflicted as a result of fire gap are huge. The project requires smoke detectors, an alarm system, a surveillance system, fire extinguishers and a medical result team. The company can choose to use the old engineering science that is readily available and is relatively cheap. This shall come through on the costs. On the other hand, the company can also choose to employ the modern technology that is more advanced and sophisticated. This is very fast and effective for the huge building and numerous cl ients in question. 1.2) Evaluate alternative strategies for the provision of piped distribution go and fire protection and fire fighting serve systems. give the sack which system you consider the most suitable to the building. The company can choose to undertake the provision of all the services to the clients of the building. All the clients regardless of their social status or power receive the same services and pay the same amount to the company for these services. The company can also choose to provide all these services but in accordance to the desire and financial ability of each live. Every tenant upon renting a premise in the building specifies the kind of services he or she is involuntary to receive and able to pay for. Lastly, the company can opt not to offer any of these services. for each one client upon renting a premise in the building finds his or her own means of get these services. Of all these three strategies, the first one is the best. These services are b asic. The risks involved if one tenant misses the services still affect the other clients the services. It is thus important that the company offers the services for every tenant and in a common level of sophistication. 1.3) Establish design parameters, standards and legislative requirements. Give at least devil nuzzlees. Evaluate the approaches. The building shall require an A.C source of electricity. This is the main source of energy that shall power all appliances. atomic number 13 pipes shall be required for plumbing to deal with the high pumping pressure to the top floors. Before the commencement of the verbalism work, the government needs to approve of the design and location of the building. After the construction, the government shall also send inspectors to understand the suitability of the building for commercial use. These requirements can be viewed from the approach of cutting on costs, or the approach of cutting on accidents. In order top cut on costs, the company only has to aline to the minimum requirements of erecting the building. On the other hand, in order to cut on the risks of getting involved in accidents, the building needs sophisticated material. All the requirements should be approaching the maximum limits in the market. 1.4) pee design specifications. Comment the different specifications. Discuss their relationship. The building needs

To what extent is musical taste governed by society Essay

To what extent is medical specialtyal taste governed by society - Essay ExampleThrough historic memorise of music, it is clear that music was thought as endanger to societal moral standards of Europe. However afterward it was realised that music also upholds a religious dimension and quality music has the ability to energise suppressed religious feelings (McLeod, 1996, p. 17).In this paper, we would analyse music as a magnum opus in the context of historical, ethnical and educational signifi brush asidece. How its evolution as an art, closely connected with various trends of our Western civilization Music in different stages has not only permitted but has enforced the application of the so-called historical method which aims at describing the single puddle of art as a product of the creative mind of a composer or the creative tendencies of a school of composers who remain anonymous.History has reshaped internationally the outlook of music in this era and to many musicians it has harmonised the study and performance of music, therefore distinctive carriages are disappearing. The past has also given us a quaint concept of national identity that concerns not only the ways in which composers wrote their music, influenced by considerations such as tradition, function, kindly context and even language, but also its performance. Music has not limited itself to extending aspects of instrument eddy and sound ideal.While considering an example of seventeenth ascorbic acid music in Italy, it is obvious that re give wayation and rubor of the emotions fostered were quite contrary to earlier practice, involving emotional behavior on the model of speech. Although the Italian languages free expression resulted in the music taking second place to the drama in opera, the unimaginative Italian style of presentation encouraged a trend towards virtuosity in instrumental music. With the passage of time, as Italian music adopted more formal manner of expression, its manne r of presentation remained capricious and rich in imagine (Lawson & Stowell, 1999, p. 43). This way one can see Italian music maintained its national identity, epoch modernising the social values of music.Music rhetoricRelationships that exist between different musical works enjoy stem among those parts. For example a theme is composed of tones and phrases a work entails certain themes and is a discourse, of phrases (Frances & Dowling, 1988, p. 134). Since themes and work present as an approximate character of such relationships that has often been noted and attributed to a variety of creators. First the reason that thought is external to language and that verbal thought can only designate objects and their relations while musical thought embodies its objects in tones on which it strictly depends. Second is the reason that verbal relationships, the ordering of propositions and the succession of phrases are of a logical order, whereas musical discourse is of a perceptual order. What our contemporary society perceives music is the comprehend of activities implied in the comprehension of musical rhetoric to be connected with those of sensory intelligence. It is music that has enabled twentieth century psychology to contribute to the expansion of the domain of thought in the direction of perceptual organisation. For instance, thinking of events and reach them to the source of elaborate activities is what music is perceived in this society however in those activities one can found biological factors of motivation, psychological activities, pathological aspects etc. Music, art and societySociety has always given great symbolic meanings and sentiments to music.

Understand the Sources of Finance Available to a Business Essay

Understand the Sources of Finance Available to a Business - Essay ExampleUnderstand the Sources of Finance Available to a Business In either production line, the handiness of pays is an inevitable need. These are reference works given by suppliers to manufacturers or traders, who pay for the goods laterwards sales. The affair, therefore, can acquire goods without paying for them instantly. Trade credits are good since the business makes payment after the expiry of the period given. It is dis plus since there is no extension of the arrangement after the expiry period. mercantile banks may grant bank credits to a business, which act a source of business finance. The credit is useful for starting or expanding the business. The hatchway of extension of bank credits payment period makes it advantageous as a source of business finance. The need for collateral to get bank credits forms cardinal of its disadvantages. Bill discounting is another source of business finance. Banks d educt discounts during payments, equal to the remaining periods interest. It is advantageous since cash is available immediately to the business. It, however, turns disadvantageous when the business is not credit worthy. It uses the business credit-worthiness to grant finance to the business. Customer advances are sources of business finance. These are advance payments made by the customer, mainly on deep orders. It is advantageous since it does not need tangible security. ... It involves paying a small portion of the cost of grease ones palms and settling the balance on installments. This is advantageous because there is delivery of the asset after paying the charge payment. Other payments, therefore, comer later and the business has time to acquire finances. It, however, is disadvantageous because the business is under responsibility to pay the installments whether it makes losses or have profits. The business constrains to pay the installments, in case of losses. Finance from co-operatives is a source of business finance. They can help in coming up with short-term finance and such(prenominal) imparts need little security. They are advantageous because small business can avail them easily. It is disadvantageous since its availability is limited to co-operative members. Issuance of shares is a good source of business finance, mainly for long-term use. A business may issue preference or equity shares. Contrary to equity shares, preference shares have invidious rights. Shares have several merits. It is a reliable source of additional capital. Shareholders are also able to overhear dividends from their investments. The demerits of shares may occur when equity shareholders, who have voting rights, take control of the business. This may bring the possibility of conflict of interest that may hinder a companys smooth functioning. Debentures are loan certificates issued to the public. They are financial source if the business needs a large amount of funds. A b usiness may have redeemable, irredeemable, convertible, or non-convertible debentures. The advantage of debentures as a source of finance for the business is the miss of control overs the business by debenture holders. It is reliable as a source of finance for business. The sterling(prenominal) disadvantage of

Box 13.2 Crisis Preparedness Scale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Box 13.2 Crisis Preparedness Scale - attempt ExampleX 5 Legal considerations do not override ethical and human concerns. X 6 Our governance has a trained crisis management team (CMT) that can assemble quickly and raise effective decisions. X 7 Our organization has the capabilities to investigate and determine a. the precise type or record of whatever crisis could occur. X b. the early warning signals that precede each type of crisis. X c. whether much(prenominal) signals were blockade or ignored. X d. the exact, human, organizational, and technical causes of a crisis. X 8 Our organization has properly designed, constantly maintained, and on a regular basis tested damage containment systems in place. X 9 Our organization has backup manufacturing equipment and computers so that it can scoop operations as quickly as possible. X 10 Our organization has recovery mechanisms to restore all-inclusive site and organizational operations. X 11 Our organization has recovery mechanisms to restore the surrounding community and surround. X 12 Our organization has the capabilities to communicate effectively, notify the proper authorities, respond to the media, and reassure a wide legions of stakeholders. X If you answer no to two or more of these statements it is likely that your organization will bring forth a crisis and that it will have difficulty handling it properly. 1. Short summary of results The preceding assessment indicates that the organization I am assessing has general provisions for addressing crises of a general sort, and provides for the manpower, equipment, and resources for most crises as they occur in spite of appearance the organization. It does not, however, have sufficient capability to quickly and accurately assess all types of injuries that may result in a crisis, nor does it have sufficient resources or provisions to restore the community or surrounding environment outside of the organization. It is doubtful that a quick and accurate assessme nt of the exact cause of the crisis could immediately be determined on its own without expert help. 2. What the results reveal round leaders communication behaviours The results reveal that leadership communication behaviours in this company fail to give due attention to important details about the causes and repercussions of the crisis, and likewise fail to go beyond the immediate confines of the organization. There is also a pretermit of importance given to people, both within and outside the organization. Because of this, my self-understanding has increased about the necessity of ascertaining details, especially in the human aspect, when assessing the effects of a crisis, because lack of detail compromises the effectiveness of any general crisis response visualize that the management may have drawn. The assessment also reveals that in my role as leader or follower, my potential strength lies in my empathy with the human aspect, whether they involve the employees of the organiz ation or the community, because I am adequate to(p) to appreciate the need for the human focus, and possess an insight about how it could be enhanced. On the other hand, I see my weakness is in the establishment and operation of a mechanism to determine details such as the exact causes of a crisis. As far as I can perceive, a exploitation crisis is manifested by certain situations, but it will take a post-crisis assessment to determine the exact causes. objet dart the crisis is unfolding, it appears highly unlikely that the exact cause of it may be immediately determined. In this weakness, I believe that the

Trifles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Trifles - Essay ExampleIn this regard, Susan Glaspells play Trifles appears to be a perfect example of representation of all essential literary elements of the plays man for their research and analysis.For the beginning it must be said that the play Trifles is based on real-life story from the sire of Susan Glaspell as a reporter. The thing is that she was assigned to report on a murder case the homicide of prank Hossack, a prosperous Warren County farmer who had been killed in his sleep in approximately 1900 year (MidnightAssassin.com). world one of the first reporters who arrived at the accident site, Glaspell has been aware that Hossacks wife is suspected in her married mans murder, while she swore it was an intruder blood-guilty for Johns death. In a few days, Susan Glaspell has visited Hossacks farmhouse. The scenery of its kitchen has make a striking impression on the reporter. As we can see, the story of her further plays character John Wrights murder almost doubles the tr ue story from Glaspells get down of the reporter. But there is one interesting point, that is, the time of the writing and performance of Trifles First performed by the Provincetown Players at the Wharf Theatre, Provincetown, Mass., August 8, 1916 (Glaspell). The time gap accounts for almost sixteen years. Then the obvious question arises what muckle prompted Glaspell to write the play? Having her previous practice of writing plays during 1909-1915 years, the playwrighter has decided not only to convey her ideas on paper, but also to animate them onstage before audiences. In this intention her husband has served as an expeditious supporter and immediate participant of Glaspells ideas. In 1915, at their summer home in Provincetown on Cape Cod, the couple organized a multitude of local artists as an amateur theatre group and staged a number of one-act plays in a converted fish warehouse (Britannica.com). The

TUI Travel International Money and Finance Essay

TUI pop off International Money and finance - Essay ExampleTUI Travel PLC is a leisure conk out keep union that is leading in the world. The connection operates in around 180 countries and has around 31 million customers of its services that reflect the companys performances in 31 major market place areas across the world (TUI Travel PLC, 2012). The company offers the best accessible holiday tours and services for its customers that include sun and beach, activities and adventures, luxuries, excursions and transfers, accommodations, oceans and rivers, and responsible travels (What we do, 2012).TUI Travel PLC being one of the leading companies in leisure travel services, its operations is spread across 180 countries that include 31 of the major market areas. The major source markets of the company include UK, Sweden, Ger numerous, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Switzerland and Canada. TUI Travels core markets account for 388bn of global travel spend with th e three largest markets being Germany, France and the UK (Market Overview, 2012). The performance of the company has been in line with the companys strategies and the company has reflected development in its business operations with the turnover of the company increased by 5 portion that accounts to around 3.5 one thousand thousand Euros as destroyed in the first quarter of the FY2012. The previous year results for the company had recorded 3.3 billion Euros. This growth is principally attributable to a higher proportion of differentiated point of intersection sales (Hanover, 2012). (Hanover, 2012). The major competitors for TUI include Kuoni Travel Holding Ltd,. Thomas Cook Group plc, and Travelport Limited. The top industries for the company are travel agencies and services, transportation services sector, and business services sector (TUI Travel PLC Competition, 2012). Financial Trends of TUI Travel PLC in Last Five Years TimeThe financial trends of the company reflect improve ment in the performances of the company with the gross margin being recorded at 8.86 percent improving from revenue of 13.51 billion in the year 2007 to 14.69 billion in 2011. The net income recorded an improvement from a loss of 123.00 in 2007 to 89.00 million in 2011. The net profit margin of the company is 0.43 percent and the operating margin is at 0.97 percent. Increases have also been reflected over the years in the dividends per tract and earnings per section of the company. While the dividends per share increased by 2.73 percent on an average over the last five years, the earnings per share reflected an increase of 171.65 percent year on year. This is a remarkable achievement for the company since not many companies in the industry are known to pay dividends (ft.com/marketsdata TUI Travel PLC, 2012).As far as the cash flow of the company is concerned, records reflect a fall in the cash reserves of TUI in 2011 by 402.00 million. However, on the other hand, TUI gained from i ts operations 613.00 million that reflects a cash flow margin of 4.17 percent. It is also of the record that the company has utilized

Cross Cultural Management in the Context of Business Objects Essay

Cross Cultural Management in the Context of avocation Objects - Essay mannequinEvery organization has a unique finishing that gives it a special identity. Historically the word, polish, has been use differently in different subjects. Sometimes it is utilize to describe the sophistication of a person, whereas almosttimes it is used by the anthropologists while they are describing the rituals and customs that different societies have developed all over the passage of time. However, over the past few decades, the word is more used in organizational context. Experts and researchers have used the border in order to describe the practices and climate that have developed in the process of managing and handling the mass in the organization (Schein, 2004). In todays competitive business environment organizational culture is considered one of the most important factors that influence the individual performance and hence organizational performance. Management of culture becomes critica l when there are people from different culture work together in the organization.This musical composition is all about the management of organizational culture and various issues related to it in an organization named Business Objects. The report includes a brief overview of the organization and different problem regarding its culture. It also includes a detailed overview of the policy that should be implemented in the organization in order to solve and manage cross-cultural issues. agriculture greatly influences the team performance especially when the team consists of people from the different cultural background. This report contains some possible solutions of problems regarding multicultural teams in the context of Business Objects.Business Objects was established by Bernard Liautaud and one of his colleagues in 1990. The company started with software development.

Victims Of Society Essay Example for Free

Victims Of Society EssayOften literature is used to underline some mixer problems, to point out and to some extent eliminate certain defects of complaisant system. For example, fictional characters may be depicted as dupes of night club. Thus, A madams House by Henrik Ibsen focuses upon this dilemma in party during Victorian epoch. Ibsen raises practically controversy on the roles of viriles and females in society and tires to attract attention to hypocrisy and use of public thinking to suppress individuality.A number of literary critics treated Ibsens do as a authority for infringing social norms and rules, for instance, Bjorn Hemmer, literary critic and researcher, in his article in The Cambridge Companion to Ibsen, observed The people who perish in such a society know the weight of public opinion and of all those agencies which respect watch over societys law and order the norms, the conventions and the traditions which in essence belong to the past(a) save which continue into the present and on that point thwart individual liberty in a miscellanea of ways (Hemmer, 83). Almost all key personage of A Dolls House is presented as a victim of society. Torvald is a victim of society, because he is forced by the need to fit into societys standards and to be treated as a representative of a high social status. Torvald knows very well roughly the pressures, produced by the society upon him and shows his willingness to get adjusted to them. Though Torvald is a victim of social circumstances, Ibsen makes it absolutely resolve that he is quite comfortable and satisfied with the idea. Torvald has reached everything he may prolong wanted, and everything he may have been expected by society to have, in flavour.He established a family, with a beautiful wife and three children, a big comfortable house, a honest job, which provided him with a higher status in society, he supervises other people in his business, and enough money so that he can r ansack his pet, Nora. Probably, due to all these achievements Torvald does not want to do anything such as touch any casing that isnt well nice if it can affect his image and make him bad reputation. Torvald is ready to do whatever is required to stop the need to cut costs to an absolute minimum and save every cent again, in other words he is not ready to lose what he has realise at any cost.The last scene makes it apparent when he wants to conceal Noras misdeeds, only to prevent it leaving a bad mark on his name I essential try to corrupt him off somehow. This thing must be hushed up at any price. (Ibsen, feign 3) Torvald would do everything to keep up to any expectation set by society for people. He created his own social image as someone who must maintain an important and influential role in the family. He is confident that maintaining such an image will make him become similar to everybody else, in society.Being the male and husband Torvald believes that it is his resp onsibility to be the family supporter the head of the household you will not find me lack in strength or courage. I am a man enough to bear the weight for us both. (Ibsen, Act 2) The implications of social impact on Torvalds moral convictions appear in Act 3. The identification that society may get to know virtually Noras actions almost kills Torvald. He cannot go through the fact that his wife tried to give support to him and save his life hes so proud of being a man- itd be so painful and humiliating for him to know that he owed anything to me (Nora). (Ibsen, Act 1) Social tradition claims the opposite the man is to support the family and to protect them. Another critic of Ibsens works Gail Finney in the same book The Cambridge Companion to Ibsen says that in the notes for A Dolls House, Ibsen comments that a mother in modern society is like certain insects who go away and die when she has make her duty in the propagation of the race. (Finney, 91) The evidence for this op inion one can find in Torvalds rejection of his wife as shortly as he discovers her secret he insists that she is not good for bringing up their children if her good name is disgraced.The importance for being accepted into society for Torvald is also evident when Torvald reveals about Noras agreement with Krogstad. It becomes obvious that Nora and Torvalds ideal marriage had been a falsification made for societys sake. Torvald introduces societys views and destroys Noras belief that he truly loved her As regards to our social intercourseship- we must appear to be living together just as before. Only appear of course. (Ibsen, Act 3) He appears as an absolute hypocrite and cares how her actions may harm his reputation.Torvalds wife Nora is also a victim of society because of Torvalds wish for being a perfect family, in order to fit in into social stereotype. As a consequence, Nora is convinced that it is her responsibility as a wife to live up to Torvalds expectations and play the established role, in order to satisfy the society. At the beginning of A Dolls House a reader perceives Nora as a doll controlled by her husband. She relies on him in everything. At first Nora enjoys playing the role of Torvalds obedient wife. She finds it appropriate to be comfortable in society.The Christmas presents bought for the children prove that she follows the stereotypical views of society. She makes her children to respond to the different treatment by feeling different and behaving differently. She reinforces the stereotypical grammatical gender roles that keep her in subordination to her husband. Nora treats her daughter the same way she seems to be treated all of her life that is, as a doll A trumpet for Bob. And a doll and a cradle for Emmy. (Ibsen, Act 1) Nora protests against societys morals that a wife cant borrow money without the husband consent. (Ibsen, Act 1) but as she realizes it is not proper and wrong thing to do, nevertheless, she finds it great fun, th ough, sitting there working and earning money. Almost like being a man. (Ibsen, Act 1) As the play proceeds Nora becomes mindful that she has been disillusioned that it is her duty to act as the ornament and prize to her husband, the role which society has given to her. The turn in A Dolls House where Nora takes off her fancy dress, symbolizes her refusal to remain the same person as she was fetching off my fancy dressIve changed. (Ibsen, Act3).Finally she finds courage to reject playing the role to delight society. The example of a person who once being a victim of society changes as soon as the whole situation changes is Mrs. Linde. The social circumstances made her marry the man who she did not love, but could support her ill mother and two brothers. But after her husbands death she behaves as an independent woman. She must work to support herself and become self-sufficient. Torvald in this case again reveals his biases in relation to womens proper roles in society Well, it is not altogether impossible.I presume you are a widow, Mrs. Linde? Ah well, its very likely I may be able to find something for you (Ibsen, Act 1) The analysis of the choices the characters from the play make in society, either to follow the social convention or be a social outcast, like Dr. Rank, reveals characters readiness to be a victim of society. Dr Rank while being a respectable man with important profession of doctor and supposed to be an important and honorable member of society he is a victim of both his fathers mistake and social conviction that he deserved such fate.Through Torvalds words it becomes evident that Dr. Rank was always an eyesore for perfect social circle He with his sufferings and loneliness was like a cloudy background to our sunlit happiness. Well, perhaps it is better(p) so. (Ibsen, Act 3) No matter, whether major or minor, most of the characters throughout the whole play are presented as victims because of their wish to be accepted into society. A Dolls House openly declares the need for a renewed societys understanding of males and females role.Works Cited listGoldman, Emma, The Social Significance of the Modern Drama.The Gorham Press, Boston, 1914 Retrieved on 18 Nov. 2005 from http//sunsite3. berkeley. edu/Goldman/Writings/Drama/doll. html Hemmer, Bjorn. Ibsen and the Realistic Problem Drama. The Cambridge Companion to Ibsen. Ed. mob McFarlane, Cambridge University Press, 1994, 68-88. Ibsen, Henrik. A Dolls House. 1879. Trans. James McFarlane and Jens Arup. 1981. Retrieved on 07 Nov. 2005 http//www. classicreader. com/booktoc. php/sid. 7/bookid. 2011/ Finney, Gail. Ibsen and Feminism. The Cambridge Companion to Ibsen. Ed. James McFarlane, Cambridge University Press, 1994, 89-105.

United States Ambassador’s Speech to the United Nations Essay Example for Free

linked States Ambassadors language to the United Nations EssayLadies and gentlemen and citizens of the conception, my name is Susan Rice and I am recognise to speak to you today. Our countries, which all tit the United Nations quest for worldwide peace and stability, face many challenges that we can and must solve together. My nation, the United States of the States, is prepared and determined to act constructively, responsibly and morally to guide toward the realization of our shared goals. The United States of America has recently chosen a rising and b justly prexy who has bold, optimistic, and pragmatic ideas for his country and for our world. I am fortunate and privileged to take up known and worked closely with Mr. Obama for the last several years, and I am honored that he nominated me for this post within this eminent organization. Working closely with all of you, I result strive to reflect and embody our countrys renewed principles of fairness, justice, respect for human rights, and love of freedom. Our individualistic homelands and our world as a whole face daunting challenges as we gather here today. economical turmoil, credential threats, political instability and human rights violations weigh on all our minds and on the minds of our respective countrymen. permit me agree each of you, and the people of your country by extension, that we are intent on charting a hopeful new path that will welfare us all. The United States is proud of our history of doing whats right for our country and for the world of peace-loving nations as a whole. We believe that the vast majority of our actions over our more(prenominal) than 200 years have been just and beneficial for the free world. However, we know that our record is not perfect. Our new administration is committed to righting recent wrongs and working with our United Nations counterparts to face and conquer the issues and challenges that confront us today.I want to lay out some broad concern s and objectives that we believe must be addressed and confronted for the benefit of all our nations. Let me quote our United Nations charter. It gives the credential Council primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security (United Nations, 2009). As we all know, that objective is never easy to attain. As a permanent member of the Security Council, the United States holds a precious and weighty leadership role in helping to keep our world safe from those elements and regimes that plot every day against freedom and its enduring principles.We steadfastly and clearly say to those varlet elements that our nation and our allies cannot afford and will not allow your efforts to succeed. This body has the obligation and the ability to call sanctions on those countries and factions that are intent on assailing peace and freedom. Within that framework for peace and worldwide security, the utmost of thermonuclear proliferation will continue to be an unyielding quest . We will strive to lower the number of nuclear weapons that exist across the world and we will tirelessly seek to thwart the development and deployment of nuclear consignment delivery systems.More specifically, let me address another security issue that threatens all our countries, directly or indirectly. Political instability is a major problem within many countries, particularly those who are booked with us today, on their soil, in the fight against terrorism. Let me quote Mr. Obama directly as he engages our enemies of freedom. Our president stated yesterday Let me be clear Al-Qaida and its alliesare in Pakistan and Afghanistan and we have a clear and focused goal to disrupt, dismantle and defeat (them) (C-Span, 2009).In that vein, let me also assure each of your nations that our country will not engage in cruel or tortuous practices on any of the combatants that we capture and detain. Let me close by stating that United States foreign policy goals are logical and congruent w ith the stated goals of the United Nations. We are honored, one nation in a sea of many, to contribute to the well-being and security of our world.ReferencesC-SPAN. (2009, March 27). C-span. org. United Nations. (2009, March). un. org.

Critical Essay on ‘Follower’ Essay Example for Free

Critical taste on Follower EssayA poesy which explores the problems of growing elder is the poem Follower by Seamus Heaney. This poem is about Heaneys childhood memories of his render working on the farm ploughing the land. Heaney talks actually highly of his bring forth and creates the pic of a very unanimous man who was an skillful at what he done and a man who was his watchwords hero. It also talks about how Heaney used to follow his public address system near as he worked and how he dreamed of growing up and ploughing like his atomic number 91. However, there is a twist at the end of the poem and Heaney goes from talking about how he was an annoyance to his dad when he was young but now his dad is the annoyance to him as he is now old.In the head start stanza, Heaney talks about his drive and his work. He is talking very highly of his father and says, The horses strained at his clicking tongue This quote video displays how his father was a man who was extrem ely good at his work as it shows how his father could control numerous strong farm animals finishedly and with ease estimable by clicking his tongue, a very hard thing to do using reasonable force never mind just by a simple gesture such of the click of his tongue. The image the reader gathers from this quote goes rise with the image of a strong, well-built man that we get when Heaney writes,His shoulders globed like a full sail strungThese deuce quotes together give a very good impression of Heaneys dad. Together they give the impression that his dad was a very heroic figure to him and that he aspired to be like him. It gives the image of the unadulterated male, a strong, graceful man that was an expert at his profession and that was an idol to his son. However, these hero-like images of his father when he was younger are dismissed later on in the poem when Heaney writes about how his dad is no thirster the big strong man that is an idol to younger males but the complete oppo site, someone who is annoying and in the way of him rather than being someone who he looks up to, follows around and aspires to be. These positive quotes of the young strong man and the negative image created by the last stanza go hand in hand to show the problems of growing older.The same kind of idea of the negative points of growing older are continue in to the second stanza when Heaney continues to talk about how his dad was so practically of an idol to him and how his dad was someone to be looked up to and to aspire to be like when he was younger and in his prime in this stanza. This beat Heaney says,An expert. He would set the wingThis is a very powerful note. The short sentence of barely both words to start off the stanza is very effective as it gives the impression that his father wasnt only very good at his trouble but he was an expert, he was the best. This is once again exhibit how his father was so much of an idol to him and that he was a very respectable stereoty pical perfect father when he was younger as it shows how good his father was at his job. The second part of the line shows that his father knew exactly what he was doing and gives us the impression that his father took his job very seriously and that he was very precise and concentrated when doing anything in his job such as setting the wing. The idea of his dad being so good at his job and being able to do it with ease is go along when Heaney writes,The sod rolled over without breaking.At the headrig, with a integrity pluckThe quotes without breaking and with a single pluck reinforce the idea that his dad was an expert at his job as they show that he could do hard work with ease and that he knew exactly what he was doing and that he could do it dead if he could turn soil without it tear down breaking and control his animals with a single pluck. at a time again it is the negative image of his father given in the last stanza as he is older that shows the negative effects of grow ing older as it is so different from the image you gather from the frontmost two stanzas alone about how good his father was at his job and how strong his father was and how much of an idol his father was to him when he was younger.The image of his father being so strong and good at his job in his youth is continued throughout the next terce stanzas. The idea of him being an expert and being someone to look up to who was strong and almost perfect is continued through the continued use of quotes such as,the sweating teamThis shows that the work was not easy. If the team of strong farm horses that where doing the job were sweating and tired you could only imagine how much sweat and effort Heaneys father would correct one across to put in to the work. It then continues to talk about his expertise in the job as it says things such as,Narrowed and angled at the ground,Mapping the furrow exactly.The first line shows how his father took his work very seriously and that he was very prec ise in what he done and that he made received he done it to a good standard therefore he had to concentrate greatly on what he was doing. The second line also reinstates the fact that he was an expert at his work as it shows how he mapped the furrow in his head and made sure it was exact once again demo that he took it very seriously and had pride in his work. Heaney then goes on to write,Sometimes he rode me on his backThis gives the impression that his father was the ultimate as he has talked about how hard his work was when he wrote about the sweating team and he was talked about how much effort and concentration that he had to put in to his work but he says how he still even managed to carry his little son on his back while he did all of this. Something that would make the work even more harder and long-acting and would make it harder to concentrate but he still did it. However, all these quotes can be compared to the last three or so lines that show the real problems of grow ing older. Althought he had listed all of these positive things and even utter how he literally followed in his fathers footsteps all day, he finishes of the poem by saying,But todayIt is my father who keeps stumblingBehind me, and will not go away.This really cotton ups the problem of growing older as it shows how muckle can just disregard someone when they get old regardless of what they thought of them when they were younger. Although Heaney had idolised his dad when he was young and sine qua noned to be exactly like him and used to stumble behind his father and annoy him, now that it is Heaney in the position of having his father stumbling behind him and relying on him, Heaney doesnt even want to know him. This is actually quite a sad ending to the poem as it really does highlight the problems of growing older as it shows how it seems that once you are older and start relying on those younger than you who once relied in you they dont want to know you.So, as you can see, the author, Seamus Heaney has been very successful at exploring the problems of growing older in his poem Follower. Heaney does this by writing the vast majority of the poem about positive points about his dad when he was younger making him out to be a hero but then introducing a cruel twist in the last stanza about how even though he once idolised his dad and relied on him now that his dad relies on Heaney, he doesnt want to know him.

Meaning of Education Essay Example for Free

Meaning of Education EssayRecently, a university professor wrote a letter to the editor of the local newspaper. He com custodyted that people shouldnt put too much freight on the recently released trends in SRA scores of the states high inform assimilators. The professor went on to describe around of the unanswered questions ab stunned the nature and value of assessment. He menti unrivalledd that one of the problems with assessment was the ongoing disagreement on the very mathematical function of teaching. A few days later, a scathing response was printed from a corporation member who questioned whether the University really wanted someone on their staff who didnt charge know the purpose of direction.Clearly, this someone assumed that his definition of education was sh atomic number 18d by all. What is the meaning of education? Webster defines education as the transit of educating or teaching (now thats really useful, isnt it? ) Educate is merely defined as to deve lop the knowledge, skill, or reference book of Thus, from these definitions, we might assume that the purpose of education is to develop the knowledge, skill, or character of students. Unfortunately, this definition offers little unless we further define words such as develop, knowledge, and character. What is meant by knowledge?Is it a body of information that exists come in thereapart from the human thought motiones that developed it? If we look at the standards and benchmarks that have been developed by many statesor at E. D. Hirschs list of information needed for Cultural Literacy (1), we might assume this to be the definition of knowledge. However, there is considerable research aceing others to believe that knowledge arises in the mind of an psyche when that person interacts with an idea or experience. This is hardly a new argument. In ancient Greece, Socrates argued that education was active drawing out what was already within the student.(As many of you know, the word education comes from the Latin e-ducere meaning to lead out. ) At the same time, the Sophists, a group of itinerant teachers, promised to give students the necessary knowledge and skills to gain positions with the city-state. on that point is a dangerous tendency to assume that when people use the same words, they perceive a part in the same way. This is rarely the case. Once one gets beyond a dictionary definitiona meaning that is often of little practical valuethe meaning we deputize to a word is a belief, not an absolute fact. Here are a couple of examples.The central task of education is to establish a will and facility for learning it should produce not learned but learning people. The genuinely human society is a learning society, where grandparents, parents, and children are students together. Eric Hoffer No one has yet realized the wealthiness of sympathy, the kindness and generosity hidden in the soul of a child. The effort of every true education should be to unloc k that treasure. Emma Goldman The only purpose of education is to teach a student how to live his tone-by growing his mind and equipping him to deal with reality.The training he needs is theoretical, i. e. , conceptual. He has to be taught to think, to understand, to integrate, to prove. He has to be taught the essentials of the knowledge discovered in the past-and he has to be equipped to acquire further knowledge by his own effort. Ayn Rand The aim of education should be to teach us rather how to think, than what to thinkrather to mitigate our minds, so as to enable us to think for ourselves, than to load the memory with the thoughts of other men. Bill Beattie The one real object of education is to leave a man in the condition of continually intercommunicate questions. Bishop Creighton The central job of schools is to maximize the capacity of each student. Carol Ann Tomlinson These quotations demonstrate the diversity of beliefs about the purpose of education. How would yo u complete the statement, The purpose of education is ? If you ask quintuplet of your fellow teachers to complete that sentence, it is likely that youll have five dissimilar statements. Some will place the focus on knowledge, some on the teacher, and others on the student. thus far peoples beliefs in the purpose of education lie at the heart of their teaching behaviors.Despite what the letter generator might have wished, there is no definition of education that is agreed upon by all, or even most, educators. The meanings they attach to the word are complex beliefs arising from their own values and experiences. To the extent that those beliefs differ, the experience of students in todays classrooms after part never be the same. Worse, many educators have never been asked to state their beliefsor even to reflect on what they believe. At the very least, teachers owe it to their students to bring their definitions into consciousness and examine them for validity. Purposes and Funct ions.To make matters more complicated, theorists have do a distinction betwixt the purpose of education and the functions of education. (2) A purpose is the funda psychological goal of the processan end to be achieved. Functions are other outcomes that may top as a natural leave of the process byproducts or consequences of schooling. For example, some teachers believe that the transmission of knowledge is the primary purpose of education, while the ecstasy of knowledge from school to the real world is something that happens naturally as a consequence of possessing that knowledgea function of education.Because a purpose is an expressed goal, more effort is put into attaining it. Functions are assumed to occur without directed effort. For this reason its valuable to figure out which outcomes you consider a organic purpose of education. Which of the by-line do you actually include in your planning? Acquisition of information about the past and baffle includes traditional discip lines such as literature, history, science, mathematics Formation of healthy social and/or formal relationships among and between students, teachers, others Capacity/ability to evaluate information and to predict future outcomes (decision-making)Capacity/ability to seek out alternative solutions and evaluate them (problem solving) Development of mental and physical skills motor, thinking, communication, social, aesthetic Knowledge of moral practices and ethical standards refreshing by society/culture Capacity/ability to recognize and evaluate different points of view watch giving and receiving recognition as human beings Indoctrination into the culture Capacity/ability to live a fulfilling life Capacity/ability to earn a living career education Sense of well-being mental and physical health.Capacity/ability to be a good citizen Capacity/ability to think creatively Cultural appreciation art, music, humanities Understanding of human relations and motivations Acquisition/clarificatio n of values cogitate to the physical environment Acquisition/clarification of personal values Self-realization/self-reflection awareness of ones abilities and goals Self-esteem/self-efficacy As Tom Peters reminds us, What gets measured, gets done. Regardless of the high sounding rhetoric about the development of the entirety child, it is the content of assessments that largely drives education.How is the capacity/ability to think creatively assessed in todays schools? To what extent is the typical student recognized and given respect? How often are students given the opportunity to recognize and evaluate different points of view when multiple choice tests require a single correct answer? Teachers who hold a more humanistic view of the purpose of education often experience stress because the meaning they assign to education differs greatly from the meaning assigned by society or their institution.It is clear in perceive to the language of education that its primary focus is on kn owledge and teaching rather than on the learner. Students are expected to conform to schools rather than schools serving the needs of students. Stopping to identify and agree upon a fundamental purpose or purposes of education is rare. One sees nebulous statements in school mission statements, but they are often of the Mom, baseball, and apple pie variety that offer little substance on which to build a school culture. Creating meaningful and lasting change in education is unlikely without revisiting this basic definition.At the very least, educators moldiness be challenged to identify and reexamine their beliefs in the light of present knowledge. It is time for the focus of education to switching from whats out therethe curriculum, assessments, classroom arrangement, books, computersto the fundamental assumptions about and definitions of education held by educators and policymakers. NASA did not send men to the moon by building on the chassis of a model T. In the same way, educatio n cannot hope to move beyond its present state on the chassis of 18th century education.

HUman CApital Management Essay Example for Free

HUman CApital Management EssayHowever, only since two decades ago, he whole culture of human resource management changed drastically due to extensive influence of internet, radiocommunication connection and Steve Job. This paradigm shift of HRM was mooted by most of the present Fortune 500 companies such as Apple, Google and Bloomberg. These companies which was formed about two decades ago changed the landmark of Human Resource Management. Human Resource section changed role from hiring and administrating workforce for the company to engaging and managing talent and human capital to add value to the organizations cognitive operation and success. The trend was established that human apital or the people of the organization are the core which shall be puff up capitalised requirement changed drastically. One of it is the effect management of this human capital. This literature analysed on what are the problem face in measuring performance management or judgment of staffs, the factors prompting organization to reconsider or overhaul their performance management dust and on how organization could improve the performance management system to suit current SHRM environment which the workforce demands.The problems with the appraisal system were found to be standard of performance measurement, more Judgemental n appraising, poor skills of appraiser and the frequency of performance appraisal. These shortcomings are due to the evolving nature of phone line environment which are caused by globalization, new approach of people management, knowledge economy, generational expectations, technology improvement etc. Discussion to improve performance appraisal leads to aspect of new philosophy of HRM, improved appraisal model, Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM), and defined roles of managers.

How does a free market prevent a monopoly Essay Example for Free

How does a dispatch securities industry prevent a monopoly EssayWe often listen to this statement that on that point argon no monopolies in a free market or a free market prevents monopolies. Though on that point atomic number 18 some descents some if the statement is completely true and, if a government plays a conk kayoed in making or preventing a monopoly. To pick up and to validate the statement first we need to understand few terms used in the statement and concepts of market. Types of market economies There are majorly four types of market economies namely * Free-Market Economy (or Liberal Market Economy). An economic form comprised mainly of privately-owned enterprise (businesses), low trains of order and relies heavily on the free- impairment system to allot resources. This is distinguished with a plan economy based on private enterprise. * Social Market Economy A free-market system that utilizes heavy taxation and regulation and recognizes form labour at the national direct, but relies on the free- expense system rather than economic planning to allocate goods and services. * Market Socialism and Socialist Market EconomiesAn economic system comprised of state-run or histrion-run enterprises and either a free-price system or a directed and foild market to allocate resources. This is distinguished with a socialist planned economy. * Mutualism and Cooperative Markets A form of participatory economics where enterprises are run as worker and consumer cooperatives (socially-owned) which compete with each other in a market economy. This is distinguished from participatory and cooperative planning.To depict free market economy in a nutshell, it is the kind of economy in which the system of prices is a result of a vast number of voluntary transactions, rather than of political decrees as in a controlled market. The freer the market, the more(prenominal) prices will reflect consumer habits and shoots, and the more valucapable the inform ation in these prices is to all players in the economy. with free competition between vendors for the provision of products and services, prices tend to decrease, and quality tends to increase. Types of Competition There are namely four major kinds of competition* Perfect Competition * Monopolistic Competition * Oligopoly * Monopoly Monopoly exists when a single vendor controls the supply of a good or service and prevents other businesses from entering the field. Being the only provider of a certain good or service gives the seller considerable control over price. Monopolies are prohibited by law however government-regulated monopolies do exist in some business areas because of the broad up-front investment that must be made in order to provide some types of services.Examples of monopolies in the India are public utility companies that provide services and/or products such as gas, water, electricity and rail guidances. To talk about monopoly in detail while single-firm monopolies are rare, except for those subject to public regulation, it is useful to examine the monopolisers market conduct and performance to establish a standard at the pole enemy that of perfect competition. As the sole supplier of a distinctive product, the monopoliseric company can order any selling price, provided it accepts the sales that correspond to that price.Market demand is for the most part inversely related to price, and the monopolizer presumably will cast a price that produces the greatest dinero, given the relationship of production be to output. By restricting output, the firm can raise its selling price significantly. The monopolist will generally charge prices well in excess of production costs and reap profits well steeper up a normal interest return on investment. His output will be substantially smaller, and his price higher, than if he had to meet established market prices as in perfect competition.The monopolist may or may not produce at minimal average cos t, depending on his cost-output relationship if he does not, there are no market pressures to force him to do so. If the monopolist is subject to no threat of doorway by a competitor, he will presumably set a selling price that maximizes profits for the industry he monopolizes. If he faces only impeded entry, he may elect to charge a price sufficiently low to discourage entry but above a competitive priceif this will maximize his long-run profits.Though monopoly has its advantages like in some industries it is the most cost-effective way of providing services, example is public utilities, as it would obviously be inefficient to have 2 or more competing sewer or power distribution systems in a city, monopoly has many disadvantages like Poor level of service as there is no fear of competition, No consumer sovereignty. Consumers may be charged high prices for low quality of goods and services. Lack of competition may also lead to low quality and out dated goods and services hence maki ng it necessary to check a market from becoming monopolist to safeguard the interests of consumers.Now coming back to the question how does a free market prevent a monopoly? In a free market, competition drives away bad ideas. What stops monopolies? Small companies being allowed to set up and compete, without loads of regulations and fees making it impossible for them to afford to keep costs down. The free market prevents hatful from cornering the market, because there is always someone else that is capable and willing to make the same product for the same or lesser price. Eventually, if that keeps going, everything will be free in the free market, or rather, people will generate trading for goods and services again, like they used to.Of course, along this path to free produce, you have the interruption of the Laws of lend and Demand, where you eventually have too overmuch product for the demand, and can no longer make a profit because of your losses. Price Wars eventually even themselves out, because at a certain price, everyone will be able to buy your product, and then no one else will need it anymore. When you have a high demand for a product, the price is naturally high. This obviously attracts investors and manufacturers to that field in order to make as much profit as possible.As more competitors enter that field of production, the prices for the product fall accordingly, until the supply meets the demand, and prices regulate based on 1. The cost to produce, and 2. The fact that everyone already has one and likely doesnt need another in force(p) now. For e. g. in the early days of the automotive market, get across used to say You can have the Model-T in any colour you want, as long as its black. Then Chevrolet came in with more colour choices, and to compete, Ford had to change its policy or they would have fallen off the face of the Earth.Though there is an argument that exists, which says government sometimes does enable formation of a monopol y for example corporate trusts. Government supports an entity to a level that it becomes very big and later, in order to keep a check on the entity from preventing it to become a monopoly, government lays down set of rules and regulations which make it practically impossible for new budding competitors to grow up to the level of first organisation and compete efficiently, resulting in formation of a monopoly.But in the end, No matter how successful a company is, it is never immune from competition. It always faces at least authorisation competition, as well as actual competition from companies that offer substitutes. References http//wiki. answers. com http//www. britannica. com http//answers. yahoo. com http//www. physicsforums. com.

In creation of annales school Essay Example for Free

In creation of annales school Essayunderwent a crisis. During the Third Republic, historians had established a strong presence within french universities by teaching g everywherenmental muniment of the French nation. deeplyr on World War I, however, historians faced a challenge to their powerful do. In the late twenties and earlyish thirties the government reduced the number of teaching posts made available to historians in secondary and higher(prenominal) education. Moreover, some French experts questioned the appraise of professional biography, accusing historians of contributing to the rise of jingoistic patriotism. In the mise en scene of these challenges to the status of recital, some historians elected to alter the look they wrote political history. In the interests of rational disarmament, the Comite francais des sciences historiques and the Comite francais de la cooperation intellectuelle participated in an international effort to rewrite history text playsc ripts. In 1929 the historians Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre launched a rude(a) diary Annales dhistoire economique et affablee.They did so in hope of transforming the historic discipline by providing a venue for the publication of look into cogitate on sociable and stinting history. Through turn up much of the journals history, editors of Annales encouraged a hyphen of history that rosebush above the accumulation of fact, that mobilized historians to tackle shargond problems, and that seek to build concretions among dissimilar fields in the loving sciences. Historians in Europe and the United States have seen the creation of Annales as a crucial turning charge in the history of the historical profession and the French social sciences.After World War II the journal, thus renamed Annales economies, societes, civilisations, served as a rallying point for young French historians interested in exploring new approaches to writing history. Taking up the smart program first be by Bloch and Febvre, Annaless post-WWII editors advocated a musical mode of history that borrowed problems and methods from demography, stintings, and geography. This paper show how Bloch and Febvre move on the concern or so mind over-specialization and the trend to organize look in order to shape interrogation on economic history and boorish ships company.Although Bloch proposed numerous collaborative get words, the mainstay of the journals success was its attention to inelegant history. The political import of research on homespun societies and the cultural politics of intellectual cooperation thus proved to be valuable resources in the development of Annaless intellectual program. HISTORIOGRAPHY Over the past two decades historians have been taking stock of the journals legacy to history and social science. A major theme in evaluations of Annales is the journals interdisciplinary ambition.Some historians of history depict the alliances negotiated surrounded by histo ry and the social sciences as problematic. For example, Georg Iggers and Lawrence Stone contend that in emulating the social sciences the New bill lost sight of the ship canal in which human beings make history. Purporting to examine night club at its closely profound levels, Annales historians tended to make history not a body of work of change but a science of static societies. Some historians atomic number 18 rethinking the merits of social science history.In a collection of essays on historiography Immanuel Wallerstein, once a proponent of Annales history, proclaims that the quantify has come to move beyond Annales and the emphasis on interdisciplinarity. Proponents of the New Cultural History have morose forth from the blending of geography, economics, demography, sociology, and history that had been the hallmark of Annales history from the fifties to the early seventies. Some of them, including the Annales historian Herman Lebovics, bait on literary theory to criticiz e the assumptions and categories used by many social and economic historians in their analyses.The reevaluation of historys alliances with the social sciences is fueled partly by a reaction to the scientization of the discipline and partly by philosophers of historical writing, who have d baren attention to the rhetorical and literary aspects of history. Taking a different approach to analyzing the alliance between history and social science, Terry Clark and Francois Dosse look at the function of competition in intellectual life.Clark depicts the leadership of historians over the establishment of the Sixth Section as the result of a struggle between historians and sociologists for control of institutional resources. More polemical than Clark, Dosse overtly attacks Annales historians tendency to raid other social sciences in their relentless pursuit of new topics and methods. Dosse suggests that interdisciplinarity was merely a form of intellectual acquisitiveness that led historian s to absorb (or campaign to absorb) other intellectual fields.The result is a patchwork history that had lost coherence as a discipline. Two sources help greatly in examination of Marc Blochs life and work, his influence and role in establishing the Annales School. The Susan Friedman book Marc Bloch, Sociology, and Geography Encountering Changing Disciplines, provides excellent coverage of Blochs life and career some fundamental and significant standpoints and events are described and discussed thoroughly therein. In addition, Carole Finks book Marc Bloch A Life in History provides intellectual and political bibliography of Annales co-founder.THE ANNALES PROGRAM From the journals inception through the end of the thirties, Bloch and Febvre worked to make a collective spirit among Annaless readers and contributors. In the letter that accompanied the first issue of the journal, they proclaimed that the young periodical was born of in effort to rapprochement of contributors, whose amb ition was to work collaboratively constant comm adept. By the end of the thirties Bloch and Febvre referred to a common identity that was dual-lane by those who rallied to the journal.In 1939, when they terminated their relationship with Armand Colin and began to publish the journal independently, they again appealed to the collective spirit of their subscribers. The address to the solidarity of the journals disciples was the most explicit evocation of solidarity to appear during the thirties. In addition to making an explicit appeal to teamwork and collaboration, Bloch and Febvre market placeed Annales to both academic and non-academic readers.In the planning phase of the journal in 1928, they informed their publisher that they anticipated merchandising subscriptions to university libraries in France and abroad as s come up as to municipal libraries. In addition professional historians in higher education, they decided to make an appeal to history teachers in French high schoo ls as well as local savants, whose good will and research efforts had been wasted, they felt, in the activities of provincial learned societies. In their efforts to market the journal, they distributed two prospects one for professional historians and another for the local savant.As Febvre wrote, he and Bloch intended to add, as an mental synthesis of good will, personal notes to the copies of the prospectus destined for provincial researchers. Professional sociologists and experts on society and economics comprised the survive major group of potential readers and contributors that Bloch and Febvre had in mind in 1928. With the publication of Annales scratch line in 1929, Bloch tested to use the journal to advance his career. earlier in the early thirties, he actively campaigned for a position in Paris, and he had his eye Camille Jullians Chair at the College de France.In 1930, Bloch penned a flattering retrospective denomination on Jullians career, and late in 1932, he praise d Jullians preface to Guy de Tournadres Lhistoire du comte de Forealquier, while subjecting Tournadre to excoriating criticism. Bloch also attacked the medievalist Louis Halphen in a review of Halphens contribution to Cambridge University Presss multi-volume series on medieval history. During the twenties Halphen and Bloch had entertained a rivalry. Both meshed the field of medieval history and therefore vied with each other for a position in Paris.In the midst of that rivalry each historian struggled to establish his intellectual niche and institutional foothold by defining himself in opposition to the other. Although Blochs efforts to join the College de France failed, he won a position at the Sorbonne in 1935. Bloch, who was Halphens junior by six forms, received a Parisian appointment all one year after Halphen assumed his Chair at the Sorbonne in 1934. Between 1932 and 1934, Bloch and Febvre actively solicited contributions from non-academic researchers by introducing anothe r style of inquiry the enquete contemporaine. The contemporary studies were not designed to be collectively executed research projects, and Bloch and Febvre offered no circumstantial research guidance. Instead, the journal published on-going or recent work on the prudence of contemporary Europe, and most contributors wrote articles on such topics as banking and finance. By designing projects that called on the contribution of such an ilk, they hoped to rally different groups amateur, professional, and expert around the journal.By choosing such a variety of scholars to participate in the journal, Bloch and Febvre thus outlined the intellectual mission of the journal broadly. Moreover, they deliberately left such terms as social and economic loosely define. Blochs correspondence with the historian of Japan Kanichi Asakawa revealed a conscious decision to leave open the journals description of social history. Bloch and Febvre adopted a similarly broad view of the journals intell ectual mission when they opened Annales up to contributions from other social scientists.With the exception of favoring empirical research over theoretical studies, they defined no intellectual orthodoxy for the journal. In Annales, cross-disciplinarity was practically little more than an ensemble of articles by different social scientists on related to topics. In 1935 and 1936, for example, Bloch and Febvre published a series of essays on tools and technology, which included an article by Andre Haudricourt, an agronomist who later change in ethno-botany and the ethno-history of technology.In his correspondence with the historian Charles Parain, Haudricourt wrote that he was astounded by the intellectual differences between historians and ethnographers disrespect their common interest in tools and technology. True to Haudricourts observation, his article on the harness and Blochs article on the selfsame(prenominal) subject had no meaningful similarities or differences they sim ply bypassed each other. Haudricourts essay in Annales followed the harnesss geographical diffusion. When they defined Annalesa intellectual mission, Febvre and Bloch shared a desire to avoid intellectual orthodoxy .Their goals were twofold. They wanted to encourage historians to think about specific research problems, and they also wanted to lay the groundwork for doing empirical research on economic and social history by gathering information about autobiography. one of the strategies they used to accomplish those goals was the make-up of collective projects. Responding to the inter-war emphasis on international cooperation, Bloch and Febvre saw collective research as a way to inspire their readers to organize their work around common problems.In the first issue of Annales Bloch and Febvre announced some(prenominal) structured inquiries into the history boorish society, of prices, and of nobility. But in spite of their agreement on the basic research program for the journal a nd in spite of their confidence in the utility of collective research, they eventually real very different conceptions of what intellectual teamwork might bring to history and social science. Febvres conception of teamwork and its usefulness for historians and social scientists centered on the collection of information.In contrast with Febvres fascination with the division of labor and the creation of a research network, Bloch showed less interest in culling data from a pool of untrained research workers. Early in his career, he had expressed an interest in using research questionnaires, although he had not fantasy of them as useful for establishing large-scale projects in data collection. Blochs earliest writings on methodology drew parallels between the use of questionnaires and the scientists practice of reporting on research objectives and procedures.Bloch saw questionnaires as instrumental for structuring communion among fields in the social and human sciences. For example, he advocated emulating the multi-disciplinary approach of the Oslo Institute for the Comparative employment of Culture. BLOCHS WORK AND ROLE In the journals first year Bloch implemented a collective project on clownish history. The project on Les plans parcellaires was journals longest and most successful team project. In his introduction, Bloch called on historians and geographers to frame an inventory of archival sources on rural history. accord to him, valuable data on the rural economy had been preserved in rarely consulted property registers and land plats held in local archives and libraries. The plans parcellaires and the property registers created by European states provided visual and textual sources on the evolution of the French countryside. Scattered in archives throughout France and Europe, they provided snapshots of rural societies at different points in history. In France, they offered a way to study rural history from seventeenth to the nineteenth century.Bloch ar gued that the study of the traits matiriels of the rural countryside would help researchers understand the basic structure of rural society as a precursor to further research. Using cadastral maps, geographers and historians could study changes in land usage, systems of fit out rotation, the persistence of common land or its enclosure, settlement patterns, the distribution and size of colonisations, and the evolution of seigniorial authority. Because of the cadasters potential value to geographers and historians, Bloch used Annales to create a basic inventory of their availability.He did not, however, use his team projects to generate raw data on rural history. Bloch asked readers to submit articles on the availability of four types of sources in their local archives or libraries land maps (terriers) created prior to the Revolution, property records generated during the Revolution, the Napoleonic cadaster, and any revisions made to it during the nineteenth century. Through Annales , Bloch make a team comprised of local savants, students, and specialists on rural society and economy from France and abroad.In 1931 the friendly society of provincial archivists adopted a proposal to establish an inventory of the Napoleonic cadaster as well as any maps that provided information on the type of crops grown in the different regions of France. The Director of French Archives endorsed the proposal in a circular distributed to archivists throughout France. As the project unfolded, Bloch not only recommended that historians analyze visual historical sources on the French countryside (i. e. , cadastral atlases and terriers), but he also advocated analyze the contemporary landscape.In instructions and articles for the study of the plans parcellaires, he recommended using aerial photography and archaeology in order to identify the trace of past in the map abidance of the countryside. Blochs work on rural history has helped to define the nation myth of French diversity a nd rootedness in a rural past. One of the themes that emerges from Blochs book on French rural history, Les caracteres originaux de 1histoire rurale francaise, was indeed the diversity of France and the deep continuities between past and present that defined French rural history.Surveying the French countryside from the hamlets of Brittany to the crossroadss of Provence, Bloch identified dramatic contrasts in the physical, economic, and social configuration of French rural life. Examining the rural economy, he identified a variety of agrarian regimes. Open fields, enclosures, rustic tools as well as biennial and triennial systems of crop rotation all combined and overlapped in divergent ways throughout France. In place of any form of national ethnic unity or homogeneity, he identified three distinct types of agrarian purification.As Meillet and Demangeon had done in the late twenties, Bloch also botchd a patriotic claim that French scholars might lead their European colleagues i n orchestrating research on rural cultivation. Unlike Febvre, whose work with the Commission des recherches collectives eventually led him to undertake a national inventory of Frances rural civilization, Bloch remained committed to implementing projects at the international level, planning collective studies that built on his work in rural history.In a 1933 proposal published in the Bulletin of the foreign Committee of the Historical Sciences, he outlined a project on the transformation of seigniorial institutions throughout Europe. Bloch proposed to create a common questionnaire in order to establish a basic starting point. With France clear in mind, he focused on studying the erosion of large seigniorial demesnes and the rise of the small landholder, who paid a form of rent usually in crops but sometimes in obligatory labor. As he had stated in Les caracteres originaux, the emergence of the small landholder was one of the defining characteristics of French rural history.Althoug h France was his starting point for defining research projects on rural history, he intended his project to generate comparative degree and cross-disciplinary research on European agrarian history. Yet in his work on rural history Bloch transformed France into a microcosm of Europe. He used France to illuminate research problems that he considered pertinent to Europe as a whole, and he claimed that rural France was in fact an ideal laboratory for the study of European clownish civilization as a whole. The diversity of France and the multiple agrarian civilizations that Bloch found there made it a universal theater of research.In 1934 Bloch repeated his call for collective research on rural civilization to an audience of French scholars. In a proposal to the College de France, written for his campaign for a chair in the comparative history of European civilization, he outlined plans for an international investigation of European rural history. He proposed to pursue research on agrar ian regimes as well as on evolving notions of personal autonomy and servitude. Bloch again called for the use of a unified research questionnaire in order to solicit contributions from those outside of the Universitys hurrying echelons.The standardized questionnaires allowed for more effective coordination in the scale and scope of research, and the coordination of comparative research would establish Frances intellectual leadership in an area and research method that had thus far been overleap beyond Frances borders. Bloch argued that his project would guide experts, scholars, local savants, and students in a vast collaborative project that would cross national frontiers as well as the intellectual and social boundaries created by university hierarchies. Between 1928 and 1930, Bloch had elaborated his approach to comparative history.From the first gear Bloch eschewed the modern nation-state as his research terrain. To accept modern boundaries and national divisions within the f ormulation of a research project was to impose anachronistic categories on historically situated societies, groups, institutions, and economies. For Bloch effective comparison required researchers to allow the fluidity of geographical frontiers. Blochs approach to comparative history drew heavily on Antoine Meillets work in comparative and historical linguistics, which had sought to redefine the study of European civilization through international study of dialects and language families.As much as Bloch admired the tools that Meillet had brought to the history of civilizations, he also saw historical linguistics as only one tool among others. Bloch contended that the cultural frontiers identified by historical and geographic linguistics did not necessarily correspond to the frontiers that could be identified by historians or human geographers. Bloch trust the detection of multiplicity and the complex connections among linguistic, institutional, social, economic facts that made exp laining change such a difficult undertaking. to a higher place all he feared intellectual laziness, which tempted scholars to rely on categories or abstract concepts that too easily substituted for criticism, reflection, and intellectual flexibility. In interwar Europe, ethnicity was one of the abstractions that informed research on rural civilization, and many of Blochs commentaries on rural civilization contained sharp criticism of it. In a 1928 article on comparative history, he had criticized the effort by Friedrich Meitzen, the German specialist of agrarian civilization, to establish an ethnic map of Europe.In a 1934 review of German research on toponymy and ancient history, Bloch criticized scholars who attempted to write the history of race and ethnicity. In 1932 Bloch returned to the rural habitat in a review of the latest round of work that had emerged from the 1931 foreign Conference of Geographers. In a tangent on Slavic scholarship on the rural history of Eastern Europe , Bloch objected to the usurpation of nationalism into scholarship on European settlement patterns.The bulk of his article, though, dealt with the conceptual problems of writing on the rural habitat. Bloch developed Lefevres earlier recommendation that such terms as habitat, village, and hamlet be more clearly defined. Between its first meeting in 1925 and its final report in 1931, the International Committee on the Rural Habitat had elected to use a numerical formula to define the terms village and hamlet X number of houses within a given area equaled a village, whereas fewer than X made up a hamlet.Emphasizing the importance of examining social groups in addition to habitat and landscape, Bloch sought to make the outline of rural life intellectually subtle and less vulnerable to serving national agenda. To the arbitrary numerical definition of the village that was offered by geographers, Bloch added a social definition the rural village. rivalry that geographers had overlooked the social nature of the village community, he contended that family or kinship groups often define villages and hamlets. He held that historians and social scientists in fact understood very little about the history of the family.During the late thirties he began to sharpen his criticisms of what he saw as the increasingly romantic nationalist strain in research on rural civilization. At the 1937 Congres international de folklore, Bloch overtly attacked Demangeons work on the rural habitat. According to Bloch, Demangeon had simplified the complexity of rural society by glorifying peasant civilization. In a paper for the 1939 International Conference of Sociologists, he proposed another research project in which he gave the guidelines for a study of village communities.Blochs 1939 proposal was not the first time that he had dealt with the social structures of rural civilization. Even in pastureland caracteres originaux, he had taken care to differentiate among the social groups wo rking the land, discussing the emergence of the small landholder and agrarian day laborers. Blochs plans for a study of the village community built on his interest in extending the analysis of rural civilization to include the structures of social life in addition to his earlier projects on cadastral records and the physical features of the rural habitat.9S Blochs recommendations came with what he saw as the urgent need to arrest the intrusion of nationalism into the social sciences, and he attacked any effort to use research on rural life and the peasantry to indulge romantic and ethnic definitions of the nation. That concern about the nationalist overtones of research on rural society emerged in his articles on rural history. In an article for the catalog of the 1939 exhibition on the French agronomist Olivier de Serres, Bloch redoubled his attacks on the mythologization of peasant France.In his paper he scrutinized the writings of nineteenth century French historians, pointing ou t their simplification of French history in using such abstractions as the Gallic or Frankish races. Bloch had clearly wearied of the ways in which discussions of European settlement patterns and rural civilization served as a blank screen for the projection of politically motivated descriptions of national unity, colonization, conquest, or invented antagonisms among races or ethnic groups. end point Historians of Annales have often focused on the resistance among most historians to Bloch and Febvres efforts to reform the historical profession.Their studies have neglected the strategies that Bloch and Febvre used to recruit participants for journal and for their efforts to negotiate alliances with other fields in the social sciences. More often than not, Febvres and Blochs attempt to bring the fields of sociology, geography, linguistics, folklore, and history together around such topics as work, prices, or rural history revealed significant differences of method. Thus, the journals cross-disciplinary alliances yielded limited success in structuring genuinely cross-disciplinary collaboration.In order to direct historians away from the writing of political history, Bloch and Febvre adopted collective research as a strategy for rallying historians to the journal and to define research problems. For Febvre collaborative research furnished researchers who generate raw data which can then be used by expert researchers. Through his involvement with the Commission des recherches collectives, he negotiated an alliance with folklorists to organize amateur researchers for the purposes of gathering data on traditional ways of life, village communities, and peasant customs.In Blochs work team research functioned as a form of pedagogy through which he instructed his colleagues in the provinces and the students on techniques and sources that were critical to writing the history of rural civilization. Through Annales Bloch worked to alter the intellectual terrain of history. However, the historian remained the guardian of the nations symbols and heritage, just as it had been earlier in the Third Republic. Rather than focus on political history, Bloch defined France through the diversity of its rural civilization.At the end of the thirties, Bloch became increasingly cognizant of the political implications of research on rural France. In his reviews and through their leadership of research projects both Bloch helped to position the discipline of history as the critic of fields that contributed to the study of rural France. During the forties the study of rural France became increasingly politicized by the Vichy government. flora CitedBesnard, Philippe, ed. The Sociological Domain The Durkheiminas and the Founding of French Sociology. New York Cambridge University Press, 1983. Burke, Peter.The French Historical Revolution The Annales School, 1929-1989. Cambridge Polity, 1990. Clark, Terry Nichols. Prophets and Patrons The French University and the Emergen ce of the Social Sciences. Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1973. Dosse, Francois. The New History in France The Triumph of Annales. Translated by Peter V. Conroy. Chicago University Illinois Press, 1994. Fink, Carole. Marc Bloch A Life in History. New York Cambridge University Press, 1989. Friedman, Susan W. Marc Bloch, Sociology, and Geography Encountering Changing Disciplines. New York Cambridge University Press, 1996.Iggers, Georg. New Directions in European Historiography. Middletown, CT Wesleyan University Press, 1975. Hunt, Lynn. French History in the Last Twenty geezerhood The Rise and Fall of the Annales Paradigm, daybook of Contemporary History 21 (1986) 209-24. Kain, Roger J. P. and Elizabeth Baigent. The Cadastral Map in the Service of the State A History of Property Mapping. Chicago The University of Chicago Press, 1992. Keylor, William. Academy and Community The Foundation of the French Historical Profession. Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1975. Lebovics, Her man.True France The Wars over Cultural Identity, 1900-1945. Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1992. Stoianovich, Traian. French Historical Method The Annales Paradigm. Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1976. Stone, Lawrence. The Past and the Present Revisited, 2nd ed. New York Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987. Weber, Eugen. The Hollow Years France in the 1930s. New York W. W. Norton Company, 1994. Wallerstein, Immanuel. Unthinking Social Science The Limits of Nineteenth-Century Paradigms. New York Polity Press, 1991. Wallerstein, Immanuel. Annales as Resistance, Review 1 (1978) 5-7.